Later, in my own laboratory and others, it was possible to directly watch this flow of material in living cells using light microscopy. Using tools of electron microscopy, genetics, and biochemistry, Nobel Prize winners George Palade, Randy Schekman, and Jim Rothman uncovered an ordered pathway by which newly synthesized proteins travel from one membrane organelle to another before exiting through the cell surface. So how did the field gain its present-day knowledge of organelles? The story begins with the study of secretion, the process by which proteins-such as digestive enzymes in saliva-move from the inside to the outside of a cell. Organelle function is thus foundational for our current understanding of modern cell biology. Eukaryotic cells house a diverse collection of internal membrane organelles such as the nucleus, ER, and Golgi, that likely enabled multicellular organisms, like us, to evolve.
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